Mnemonics: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Author: V. Dimov, M.D., Allergist/Immunologist and Assistant Professor at University of Chicago
Reviewer: S. Randhawa, M.D., Allergist/Immunologist and Assistant Professor at LSU (Shreveport) Department of Allergy and Immunology

- HIV (non-syncitia-inducing (NSI) strains) uses the chemokine receptor CCR5 to enter macrophages and monocytes.

Most common type of HIV
Monocytes
Macrophages

- HIV (syncitia-inducing (SI) strains) uses the chemokine receptor CXCR4 to enter CD4 T-cells.

CCR5
CXCR4 (CD4)

F
Five - CCR5
Four - CXCR4 (CD4) - also involved in WHIM syndrome (PIDD)
Foray of HIV into the CD4 T-cells


(Click to enlarge the image).

CCL5 or RANTES - HIV-suppressive factor released from CD8+ T cells

F
Five - CCL5
Fights HIV


Chemokine structures. Image source: Wikipedia, GNU Free Documentation License.

CCR5 Mutation

Delta 32
Deletion
Delayed progression in single mutation

Stem cells from a donor who was homozygous for CCR5 delta32 were transplanted in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and HIV-1 infection. The patient remained without viral rebound 20 months after transplantation and discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy.


HIV Infection. This video describes how HIV infects the host. This video is from: Janeway's Immunobiology, 7th Edition, Murphy, Travers, & Walport. Source: Garland Science.

SNPs associated with atopic diseases

Filaggrin gene

Filaggrin is essential for epidermal barrier function. SNP associated with eczema and asthma.

17q12-21 gene

ORMDL3 protein defects associated with asthma.

5q22-32 gene

CD14 is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor. SNPs associated with asthma and atopy.

3p21-22 gene

CCR5 is a chemokine receptor. SNP can be protective against asthma.

Xp22 gene

TLR7 and TLR8 are recognition receptors for viral ssRNA. SNPs assciated with asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis.

5q31 gene

IL-13 is a cytokine that induces IgE secretion, mucus production, and collagen synthesis (fibrosis). SNPs associated with asthma.

ADRB2 gene

ADRB2 gene encodes β2-adrenergic receptor. Argenteum (Arg) or Arg/Arg phenotype associated with decreased albuterol response compared to Gly/Gly phenotype at residue 16.

ADAM33 gene

Type 1 transmembrane protein involved in cell-to-cell interactions. SNPs associated with asthma.

References

Long-Term Control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 Stem-Cell Transplantation. NEJM, Volume 360:692-698 February 12, 2009 Number 7.

Published: 05/06/2009
Updated: 06/17/2010